Welcome to the OZU Library Citation Style Page. This page is designed to direct you to authoritative online and print resources that will help you format your references. There are many different citation styles. In this guide you will find information about the two citation styles APA and IEEE.
It's important to show what sources you use in your research. If you aren't sure what style you need to use, consult your class syllabus or verify with your professor.
Please feel free to contact the library if you would like additional help.
APA Style provides a foundation for effective scholarly communication because it helps writers present their ideas in a clear, precise, and inclusive manner.
A reference list entry generally has four elements: the author, date, title, and source. Each element answers a question:
GENERAL RESOURCES:
Plenty of resources, including Quick Answers about reference and formatting questions. Also links to the APA blog which features timely posts and explanations for frequently asked questions.
Introducing the Basics of Seventh Edition APA Style tutorial
From the APA website.
Learn more about references and citations for specific types of resources.
FORMATTING / STYLE:
General APA guidelines including how to format your header and first page.
IN-TEXT CITATIONS:
Explains the basics of citing within your text. Includes examples for multiple authors and different types of sources.
REFERENCES:
Explains basic formatting rules for your references page. Then, once you are ready to create a reference entry for a source, use the menu on the left of the screen to select the right type of source (Articles in Periodicals, Books, Electronic Sources, Other Print or Non-Print Sources). This menu also includes helpful information about creating tables, PowerPoint presentations, and more.
APA 7th Edition Citation examples from UMUC.
Adapted from "Citation Guides: APA Style?" by Butler University. Retrieved from https://libguides.butler.edu/c.php?g=34051&p=216828
This video prepared by HKUST Library
The Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a professional organization supporting many branches of engineering, computer science, and information technology. In addition to publishing journals, magazines, and conference proceedings, IEEE also makes many standards for a wide variety of industries.
IEEE citation style includes in-text citations, numbered in square brackets, which refer to the full citation listed in the reference list at the end of the paper. The reference list is organized numerically, not alphabetically.
For examples, see the IEEE Editorial Style Manual. From University of Pistsburg's IEEE Style LibGuide
IEEE Style uses a notational method of referencing when referring to a source of information within the text of a document.
In its simplest form a citation is given in the text, consisting of a number enclosed by square brackets:
The full details of the source are given in a numerical reference list at the end of the document:
Indicating the relevant reference in the text
• A number enclosed in square brackets, eg.[1] or [26], placed in the text of the essay, indicates the relevant reference.
• Each reference number should be enclosed in square brackets on the same line as the text, before any punctuation, with a space before the bracket.
• Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text and each citation corresponds to a numbered reference containing publication information about the source cited in the reference list at the end of the publication, essay or assignment.
• Once a source has been cited, the same number is used in all subsequent references.
• No distinction is made between print and electronic references when citing within the text.
Here are some examples of this kind of referencing :
"...end of the line for my research [13]."
"The theory was first put forward in 1987 [1]." "Scholtz [2] has argued that......."
"Several recent studies [3, 4, 15, 16] have suggested that..."
"For example, see [7]."
• It is not necessary to mention either the author(s) or the the date of the reference unless it is relevant to your text.
• It is not necessary to say " in reference [26] ..." "In [26] ..." is sufficient.
Citing more than one reference at a time
• When citing more than one source at a time, the preferred method is to list each reference number separately with a comma or dash between each reference:
Preferred
[1], [3], [5]
[1] - [5]
• Although the following method is also acceptable:
Acceptable
[1, 3, 5]
[1-5]
Citing a reference multiple times
• When citing a source for a second or subsequent time, do not use ibid or op. cit.
• In the text, repeat the earlier reference number.
• If referring to a different page number, or other reference, within the source, use the following forms:
[3, pp. 5-10], [3, Ch. 2, pp. 6-21], [3, Fig. 1], [3, Sec. 4.5]
References should be provided on a separate page at the end of your paper, with the title “References” at the top of the page. They should be listed and numbered in order of citation, not alphabetically. The numbers should be flush against the left margin, and separated from the body of the reference.
Some general notes on the format of references:
• Authors are always referred to by their surname and initials. Suffixes such as “Jr.” or “III” are included, but separated by a comma – e.g. “E. C. M. Boyle, III”.
• Any IEEE journals cited should be referred to by their official abbreviations, as listed by IEEE here.
• For references with up to six authors, list all authors in the order they are presented in the publication’s byline. Use the format “A. B. Author, C. D. Author, and E. F. Author”.
• For publications with seven or more authors, list the first author followed by “et al.”
• Titles of books, journals, and publications of similar size are set in title case.
• Titles of articles, technical reports, and publications of similar size are set in sentence case.
• If you are unsure whether to use sentence case or title case, err on the side of following the original capitalization.
• Names of months are shortened to 3-4 letters each: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
The below examples are from the University of Pistsburg's IEEE Style LibGuide, IEEE Citation Reference Guide, IEEE Reference Guide, and Murdoch University's IEEE Style LibGuide.
Examples of citations for different materials:
| Material Type | Works Cited |
| Book in print | [1] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996. |
| Chapter in book | [2] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," in Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64. |
| eBook | [3] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman, Software Architecture in Practice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book. |
| Journal article | [4] G. Liu, K. Y. Lee, and H. F. Jordan, "TDM and TWDM de Bruijn networks and shufflenets for optical communications," IEEE Trans. Comp., vol. 46, pp. 695-701, June 1997. |
| eJournal (from database) | [5] H. Ayasso and A. Mohammad-Djafari, "Joint NDT Image Restoration and Segmentation Using Gauss–Markov–Potts Prior Models and Variational Bayesian Computation," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 2265-77, 2010. [Online]. Available: IEEE Xplore, http://www.ieee.org. [Accessed Sept. 10, 2010]. |
| eJournal (from internet) | [6] A. Altun, “Understanding hypertext in the context of reading on the web: Language learners’ experience,” Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July, 2005. [Online serial]. Available: http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number12/. [Accessed Dec. 2, 2007]. |
| Conference paper | [7] L. Liu and H. Miao, "A specification based approach to testing polymorphic attributes," in Formal Methods and Software Engineering: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2004, Seattle, WA, USA, November 8-12, 2004, J. Davies, W. Schulte, M. Barnett, Eds. Berlin: Springer, 2004. pp. 306-19. |
| Conference proceedings | [8] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and the Digital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Social, Ethical and Cognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003. |
| Newspaper article (from database) | [9] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," The Australian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. [Online]. Available: Factiva, http://global.factiva.com. [Accessed May 31, 2005]. |
| Technical report | [10] K. E. Elliott and C.M. Greene, "A local adaptive protocol," Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, France, Tech. Rep. 916-1010-BB, 1997. |
| Patent | [11] J. P. Wilkinson, “Nonlinear resonant circuit devices,” U.S. Patent 3 624 125, Jul. 16, 1990. |
| Standard | [12] IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems, IEEE Standard 308, 1969. |
| Thesis/Dissertation | [1] J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, 1993. |